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Mikhail Gorbachev (1931–2022) was a Soviet politician who served as the final leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 until its dissolution in 1991. He came to power during a period of economic stagnation and political difficulties, hoping to reform the Soviet system and restore its strength.Gorbachev introduced two major policies: Perestroika, meaning restructuring, which aimed to reform the Soviet economy and government, and Glasnost, meaning openness, which allowed greater freedom of speech, public criticism and access to previously restricted information. These reforms loosened the Communist Party's control and allowed people to openly discuss problems that had long been hidden. In foreign affairs, Gorbachev improved relations with the United States, negotiated nuclear arms reductions with Ronald Reagan and oversaw the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan. He also refused to use large-scale military intervention to preserve communist governments in Eastern Europe, contributing to the fall of communist regimes and the collapse of the Berlin Wall in 1989. For his role in improving international relations, he received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990.However, his reforms also created serious problems at home. Economic disruption, shortages, political unrest and growing independence movements weakened the Soviet government. After surviving an attempted coup by Communist hardliners in August 1991, Gorbachev's authority declined rapidly. On December 25, 1991, he resigned as president, and the Soviet Union officially ceased to exist. Gorbachev remains a controversial historical figure. Many in the West remember him for helping bring the Cold War to a peaceful end, while many Russians blame his reforms for the collapse of the Soviet Union and the instability that followed. His legacy is closely tied to one of the most significant political transformations of the twentieth century.
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