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Mariyam Raza

@studenthub1510

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Follow me for more medical content I make paid assignments, hand written notes and practical copies inbox me if you have any of the query This image shows the vertebral column (spinal column) divided into its anatomical regions. Each region is color-coded and the vertebrae are labeled. 1. Cervical Region (C1–C7) – Blue Number of vertebrae: 7 Location: Neck Function: Supports the head. Allows neck movements (flexion, extension, rotation, side bending). Protects the cervical spinal cord. Special vertebrae: C1 (Atlas): Supports the skull and allows the "yes" movement. C2 (Axis): Has the dens (odontoid process), allowing the "no" movement. 2. Thoracic Region (T1–T12) – Green Number of vertebrae: 12 Location: Upper and middle back Function: Articulates with the ribs to form the rib cage. Protects the heart and lungs. Provides stability with limited movement. 3. Lumbar Region (L1–L5) – Yellow Number of vertebrae: 5 Location: Lower back Function: Bears most of the body's weight. Allows bending and twisting. Common site of back pain and disc prolapse. 4. Sacrococcygeal Region – Orange/Red Sacrum (S1–S5) Number of vertebrae: 5 fused vertebrae Forms the back of the pelvis. Transfers body weight from the spine to the pelvis and legs. Coccyx (Tailbone) Number of vertebrae: Usually 3–5 fused (commonly 4) Serves as an attachment site for pelvic muscles and ligaments. Total Number of Vertebrae Cervical: 7 Thoracic: 12 Lumbar: 5 Sacral: 5 (fused) Coccygeal: 4 (usually fused) Total = 33 vertebrae (sometimes 34, depending on the number of coccygeal vertebrae). #physio #mbbs #medicine #medical #trending by @studenthub1510
46
3 months ago
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Visit and follow my WhatsApp channel for pdfs link is in bio I make paid assignments, hand written notes and practical copies inbox me if you have any of the query Follow me for more medical content Share my page with other medical students Comment if you want next post on any specific topic by @studenthub1510
2
22 days ago
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Visit and follow my WhatsApp channel for pdfs link is in bio Follow me for more medical content Share my page with other medical students also Comment if you want next post on any specific topic 1. Apnea Definition: Apnea means a temporary stopping or absence of breathing. During apnea, air does not enter or leave the lungs. It may last for a few seconds or longer. It can occur during sleep, anesthesia, neurological problems, or respiratory disorders. Prolonged apnea can cause low oxygen (hypoxemia) and increased carbon dioxide. Example: A person stops breathing for several seconds during sleep β†’ sleep apnea. 2. Erythema Definition: Erythema means redness of the skin caused by increased blood flow to the small blood vessels in the skin. The affected area may appear red or pink. It can occur because of inflammation, infection, heat, irritation, allergy, or injury. The area may feel warm or tender. Example: Redness around an injured or inflamed area β†’ erythema. 3. Cyanosis Definition: Cyanosis is a bluish or purplish discoloration of the skin, lips, or nails, usually associated with reduced oxygenation of blood. It is commonly noticed around the lips, tongue, fingers, and nail beds. It can occur due to respiratory problems, heart problems, or poor circulation. Central cyanosis involving the lips/tongue is more concerning for low blood oxygen. Example: A person with severe breathing difficulty develops bluish lips β†’ cyanosis. 4. Hematoma Definition: A hematoma is a collection of blood outside a blood vessel, usually within tissues, caused by bleeding from damaged vessels. It commonly occurs after trauma or injury. It may cause swelling, pain, tenderness, and skin discoloration. A hematoma can occur in the skin, muscle, or deeper tissues. Example: After a fall, blood collects under the skin and forms a swollen, bruised area β†’ hematoma. 5. Hemorrhage Definition: Hemorrhage means excessive or uncontrolled bleeding caused by damage to a blood vessel. It can be external (blood comes out of the body) or internal (blood collects inside the body). It may result from injury, surgery, . #medicalstudent #mbbs #doctor #trendingreels #nurse by @studenthub1510
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16 minutes ago
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Follow me for more medical content Correct Answer: C. Penicillin G βœ… The patient is a 25-year-old man with fever, sore throat, and tonsillar exudates, with no known drug allergy. This clinical picture is suggestive of streptococcal pharyngitis, most commonly caused by Group A Streptococcus (GAS), Streptococcus pyogenes. 1. Why is Penicillin the correct choice? Penicillin is the first-line antibiotic for Group A Streptococcal pharyngitis when the patient is not allergic to penicillin. Penicillin belongs to the Ξ²-lactam antibiotic group. Its major action is on the bacterial cell wall. 2. Mechanism of action Bacteria such as Streptococcus pyogenes have a cell wall containing peptidoglycan. Penicillin: Penicillin β†’ binds to PBPs β†’ inhibits transpeptidase β†’ prevents peptidoglycan cross-linking β†’ weak cell wall β†’ bacterial lysis/death In simple words: > Penicillin stops bacteria from properly building their cell wall. Because the bacterial cell wall becomes weak, the bacterium cannot maintain its structural integrity and eventually dies. 3. What are PBPs? PBP = Penicillin-Binding Protein PBPs are bacterial enzymes involved in the final stages of cell-wall synthesis. One important PBP function is transpeptidation, which creates cross-links between peptidoglycan chains. Penicillin binds to these proteins and inhibits them. 4. Why does this work particularly well against Streptococcus? Streptococcus pyogenes is a Gram-positive bacterium with a substantial peptidoglycan cell wall. Therefore, inhibiting cell-wall synthesis is highly effective against it. --- 5. Why does the patient have these symptoms? Streptococcal pharyngitis commonly presents with: 🌑️ Fever 😣 Sore throat πŸ”΄ Inflamed tonsils βšͺ Tonsillar exudates 🫧 Tender cervical lymph nodes Usually absence of prominent cough compared with viral pharyngitis The combination of fever, sore throat, and tonsillar exudate makes GAS pharyngitis an important possibility. --- 6. Why are the other options incorrect? A. Vancomycin ❌ Vancomycin is also an antibiotic #med #viralreels #pharmacy #drugs #medicine by @studenthub1510
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14 hours ago
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🧠 Pressure Points for Migraine Relief 🌿 Certain acupressure points may help reduce the intensity of headache or migraine symptoms by promoting relaxation and relieving muscle tension. πŸ“ Commonly used points include: β€’ Yintang – between the eyebrows β€’ Taiyang – temples β€’ LI-4 (Hegu) – between the thumb and index finger β€’ GB-20 – base of the skull β€’ PC-6 (Neiguan) – inner wrist ✨ Apply gentle, comfortable pressure for about 30–60 seconds and repeat as tolerated. Avoid pressing too hard. ⚠️ Important: Acupressure may provide symptomatic relief but is not a substitute for medical treatment. Frequent, severe, or unusual headaches should be evaluated by a healthcare professional. πŸ“š Learn β€’ Practice β€’ Educate Dr. Laiqa Habib #MigraineRelief #PressurePoints #Acupressure #HeadacheRelief #Physiotherapy PhysicalTherapy MigraineAwareness PainRelief PhysioEducation DrLaiqaHabib by @studenthub1510
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15 hours ago
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🦠 Influenza Virus β€” High-Yield Microbiology One of the most important FMGE / NEET-PG / INI-CET topics! πŸ“šπŸ”₯ Orthomyxoviridae β†’ segmented, negative-sense ssRNA πŸ“Œ Save this for your Microbiology revision! Disclaimer: This content is intended for educational and exam-preparation purposes only. It is not a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. #Influenza #InfluenzaVirus #Microbiology by @studenthub1510
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18 hours ago
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ValtrexπŸ’Š #medicine #medicalschool #pharmacology #neet #doctors by @studenthub1510
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a day ago
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Visit and follow my WhatsApp channel for pdfs link is in bio I make paid assignments, hand written notes and practical copies inbox me if you have any of the query Follow me for more medical content 1. Hypothalamus The hypothalamus controls many pituitary functions by releasing regulatory hormones: TRH β†’ stimulates TSH release. CRH β†’ stimulates ACTH release. GnRH β†’ stimulates FSH and LH release. GHRH β†’ stimulates growth hormone (GH) release. Somatostatin β†’ inhibits GH and TSH. Dopamine β†’ inhibits prolactin secretion. 2. Pituitary Gland The pituitary is often called the master gland because it controls several other endocrine glands. Anterior Pituitary GH β†’ body growth and muscle/bone development. TSH β†’ stimulates the thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4. ACTH β†’ stimulates the adrenal cortex, especially cortisol production. FSH β†’ follicle development in females and contributes to sperm production in males. LH β†’ ovulation in females and testosterone production in males. Prolactin β†’ milk production. Posterior Pituitary ADH β†’ increases water reabsorption by the kidneys. Oxytocin β†’ uterine contractions and milk ejection. 3. Thyroid Gland T3 and T4 β†’ increase metabolism and support growth and development. Calcitonin β†’ lowers blood calcium levels. 4. Parathyroid Glands PTH (Parathyroid hormone) β†’ increases blood calcium levels. Easy memory: Parathyroid = Calcium 5. Adrenal Gland Adrenal Cortex Cortisol β†’ stress response, increases blood glucose, and has anti-inflammatory effects. Aldosterone β†’ promotes sodium and water retention and potassium excretion. Androgens β†’ contribute to secondary sexual characteristics. Adrenal Medulla Epinephrine (Adrenaline) β†’ increases heart rate and blood glucose; important in the fight-or-flight response. Norepinephrine β†’ increases blood pressure and vascular tone. Easy memory: Adrenal = Stress + Blood Pressure 6. Pancreas Insulin β†’ decreases blood glucose. Glucagon β†’ increases blood glucose. Somatostatin β†’ inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion. Easy memory: Pancreas = Blood glucose control 7. Pineal Gland Melatonin β†’ regulates the sleep-wake cycle/circadian rhythm. #medicalstudent #mbb by @studenthub1510
15
2 days ago
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Liver involvement in sarcoidosis ranges from asymptomatic granulomas to cirrhosis with portal hypertension. Sarcoid granulomas are often clustered in portal and periportal areas. In some cases, granulomas may coalesce, mimicking a neoplasm. #medicine #medicalschool #neet #doctors #medical by @studenthub1510
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2 days ago
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Visit and follow my WhatsApp channel for pdfs link is in bio Explanation of the Image β€” Anatomy The image shows four important parts of the skeletal system: the lateral skull, mandible, sacrum, and vertebral column. 1. Lateral View of Skull This is a side view of the skull showing several major bones and openings: Frontal bone β€” forms the forehead. Parietal bone β€” forms a large part of the upper and side skull. Temporal bone β€” located around the ear. Occipital bone β€” forms the back of the skull. Sphenoid bone β€” lies near the temple and behind the eye. Nasal bone β€” forms part of the bridge of the nose. Zygomatic bone β€” forms the cheekbone. Maxilla β€” forms the upper jaw. Mandible β€” forms the lower jaw. Infraorbital foramen β€” opening below the orbit through which nerves and vessels pass. Acoustic meatus β€” external opening of the ear canal. Mental foramen β€” opening in the mandible for the mental nerve and vessels. 2. Mandible The mandible is the lower jaw and is the largest and strongest movable bone of the face. Important parts shown: Body β€” horizontal main portion of the mandible. Ramus β€” vertical portion. Coronoid process β€” projection that provides attachment for muscles of mastication. Mandibular condyle β€” articulates with the temporal bone to form the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Mental foramen β€” opening on the anterior/lateral surface of the mandible. 3. Sacrum β€” Posterior View The sacrum is a triangular bone at the base of the vertebral column. Important structures: Superior articular facets β€” articulate with the inferior articular processes of L5. Sacral canal β€” continuation of the vertebral canal. Posterior sacral foramina β€” openings through which sacral spinal nerves pass. Sacral hiatus β€” opening at the inferior end of the sacral canal. The sacrum is formed by five fused sacral vertebrae. 4. Vertebral Column The vertebral column is divided into regions: 1. Cervical vertebrae β€” 7 Located in the neck. Allow considerable movement of the head and neck. 2. Thoracic vertebrae β€” 12 Located in the upper/mid-back. Articulate with the ribs. #anatomy #neet #medicalstude by @studenthub1510
18
2 days ago
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🦴 Types of K-Wire | Quick Orthopedic Revision K-wires (Kirschner wires) are thin stainless-steel wires commonly used for fracture stabilization and skeletal fixation. This infographic highlights: πŸ”Ή Smooth K-Wire – commonly used for temporary fixation πŸ”Ή Trocar Tip – facilitates bone penetration πŸ”Ή Diamond Tip – provides precise insertion πŸ”Ή Threaded K-Wire – offers enhanced fixation stability πŸ”Ή Olive Wire – commonly used in external fixation systems πŸ”Ή Clinical Uses – hand, finger, pediatric fractures and external fixation procedures πŸ“š A useful quick-reference guide for physiotherapy, orthopedic and medical students. Save πŸ“Œ | Share ↗️ | Learn 🧠 Dr. Laiqa Habib #KWire #KirschnerWire #Orthopedics #OrthopedicPhysiotherapy #FractureFixation Physiotherapy MedicalStudents PTStudents OrthopedicRehab ClinicalRevision MedicalEducation PhysioNotes DrLaiqaHabib by @studenthub1510
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3 days ago
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Follow me for more medical content Atherosclerosis ek chronic condition hai jisme arteries ki inner wall mein fat, cholesterol, calcium aur inflammatory material jama hokar plaque banate hain. ξˆ€genuiξˆ‚{"learning_viz":{"type_id":"ATHEROSCLEROSIS","initial_values":{"initial_stage":"healthy artery"},"locale_override":"en-US"}}Simple mechanism 1. Artery ki inner lining damage/irritate hoti hai. 2. LDL cholesterol artery wall mein enter karta hai. 3. Inflammation ke response mein fatty streak develop hoti hai. 4. Dheere dheere fibrous plaque banti hai. 5. Plaque artery ka lumen narrow karti hai β†’ blood flow kam hota hai. 6. Agar plaque rupture ho jaye to thrombus (blood clot) ban sakta hai, jo artery ko suddenly block kar sakta hai. Major risk factors High LDL cholesterol Hypertension Diabetes Smoking Obesity/inactivity Unhealthy diet Increasing age Family history Complications Depending on which artery is affected: Coronary arteries β†’ Angina / Myocardial infarction Carotid/cerebral arteries β†’ Stroke Peripheral arteries β†’ Peripheral arterial disease Exam point: Atherosclerosis = arterial wall mein atheromatous plaque formation β†’ narrowing Β± thrombosis β†’ reduced blood flow. #mbbs #medicalstudent #nurse #trending #atherosclerosis by @studenthub1510
10
3 days ago
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