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The three Bakufu of Japan were military governments run, at least ostensibly, by the Shōgun. While the three Bakufu were different in many ways, leading to differences as to whom was actually in charge, the understanding was that the Shōgun was head of the state—the duty of the Shōgun to expel the barbarians. Interesting it is, then, how every Bakufu saw its end to some degree by the interference of foreigners. The Kamakura Bakufu was founded after the Genpei War by Minamoto no Yoritomo but soon commandeered by the Hojo regency and ruled in substance by the Shikken, saw a long and entropic end after the two Mongol invasions of Japan in 1274 and 1281, respectively. While they didn’t directly end the Shogunate, and the expulsion of these barbarians was successful, there was no land to award those who fought for this endeavor—land being the understood way to reward service during this time. Worse, the Bakufu began confiscating land to prepare for a possible third invasion that would never happen. That in addition to the toll the victory took on their general infrastructure, and all it took was an imperial succession dispute as a result of Go-Saga’s two lines to topple this shogunate less than a century after the two invasion attempts. The Muromachi Bakufu, run by the Ashikaga Clan, waned after their third Shōgun Yoshimitsu. In 1543, the Portuguese arrived on Tanegashima and introduced Japan to western firearms. Fast forward to 1573, when Oda Nobunaga ended this Bakufu by installing Yoshiaki as a puppet only to later oust and exile him. On the surface this may not seem to have any link to foreigners, Nobunaga was one of the biggest proponents of western technology and even used it to pioneer volleying tactics. Oda dominance can’t be spoken of absent foreign influence. Now, the Edo Bakufu: Commodore Perry would sail into Japan and cause events leading to the Bakumatsu and Meiji Restoration, thus ending Tokugawa rule. The issue of what to do about foreign intrusion was a prime concern during the later Edo period. The loyalists wanting to end Shogunate rule and place the Emperor into power argued the Bakufu had lost its function in cooperating with foreigners.
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